Infant Mortality Rate

Year	Female	Male	Total
1	2	3	4
1989	90	92	91
1990	81	78	80
1991a	80	81	80
1992a	80	79	79
1993a	75	73	74
1994a	73	75	74
1995a	76	73	74
1996a	73	71	72
1997a	73	70	71
1998	73	70	72
1999	71	70	70
2000	69	67	68
2001	68	64	66
2002	65	62	63
2003	64	57	60
2004	58	58	58
2005	61	56	58
2006	59	56	57
2007	56	55	55
2008	55	52	53
2009	52	49	50
2010	49	46	47
Source: Sample Registration System (various years),Office of the Registrar General, India.
a: Excludes Jammu and Kashmir.

Sex Preference

State	Percentage of women who prefer more sons than daughters	Percentage of men who prefer more sons than daughters	Difference
1	2	3	4
Andhra Pradesh	9.3	12.0	2.7
Arunachal Pradesh	28.3	30.3	2.0
Assam	24.1	17.9	-6.2
Bihar1	39.2	38.5	-0.7
Chhatisgarh	32.8	24.8	-8.0
Delhi	11.7	11.7	0.0
Goa	8.7	11.4	2.7
Gujarat	22.7	20.0	-2.7
Haryana	22.0	18.4	-3.6
Himachal Pradesh	11.8	9.2	-2.6
Jammu & Kashmir	23.4	23.9	0.5
Jharkhand	28.1	24.6	-3.5
Karnataka	11.6	12.7	1.1
Kerala	11.0	11.8	0.8
Madhya Pradesh1	30.8	27.9	-2.9
Maharashtra	14.1	14.3	0.2
Manipur	28.5	34.7	6.2
Meghalaya	11.9	21.5	9.6
Mizoram	29.0	43.5	14.5
Nagaland	21.4	28.4	7.0
Orissa	24.2	20.3	-3.9
Punjab	17.7	13.4	-4.3
Rajasthan	34.3	24.0	-10.3
Sikkim	15.5	17.1	1.6
Tamil Nadu	5.7	7.9	2.2
Uttarakhand	20.7	13.6	-7.1
Uttar Pradesh1	33.5	27.8	-5.7
West Bengal	16.5	16.6	0.1
India	22.4	20.0	-2.4
Source: National Family Health Survey- III, 2005-06.
1: Data pertains to undivided State.

Mean Age at Marriage (in years)

Year	Female
1	2
1951	15.4
1961	16.1
1971	17.1
1981	17.9
1992*	19.5
1993*	19.6
1994*	19.4
1995*	19.4
1996*	19.4
1997*	19.5
1998	19.5
1999	19.6
2000	19.8
2001	19.9
2002	20.0
2003	20.1
2005	20.2
2006	20.5
2007	20.6
2008	20.7
2009	20.7
2010	21.0
Sources:
1. Population of India : ESCAP Country Monograph No. 10 and Female Age at Marriage; Census of India : Occasional Paper No. 7 of 1988,  Office of the Registrar General, India.
2. Sample Registration System, Office of the Registrar General, India .
Note: Figures for 1951, 1961, 1971 and 1981  are singulate mean age at marriage   based on  population census data. 1992 onwards figures are the mean age at effective marriage  based on  Sample Registration System.
*Excludes Jammu and Kashmir.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Year	Total Fertility Rate(TFR)			General Fertility Rate(GFR)
	Rural	Urban	Combined	Rural	Urban	Combined
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1993a	3.8	2.8	3.5	125.2	93.5	116.6
1994a	3.8	2.7	3.5	128.6	89.7	118.3
1995a	3.9	2.6	3.5	126.7	87.3	117.0
1996a	3.7	2.4	3.4	122.7	81.5	112.5
1997a	3.6	2.4	3.3	119.5	80.7	109.9
1998	3.5	2.4	3.2	115.2	79.2	106.5
1999	3.5	2.3	3.2	112.8	77.6	103.2
2000	3.5	2.3	3.2	112.7	76.5	102.8
2001	3.4	2.3	3.1	108.6	74.4	99.5
2002	3.3	2.2	3.0	106.0	72.5	97.1
2003	3.2	2.2	3.0	103.5	71.9	95.3
2005	3.2	2.1	2.9	106.2	70.9	95.8
2006	3.1	2	2.8	103.4	69.1	93.3
2007	3.0	2.0	2.7	98.6	67.3	89.5
2008	2.9	2.0	2.6	96.9	66.5	88.0
2009	2.9	2.0	2.6	94.9	65.9	86.5
2010	2.8	1.9	2.5	91.9	64.0	83.9
Source: Sample Registration System, Office of the Registrar General, India.
a: Excludes Jammu and Kashmir.

Sex-wise Population Growth

Decennial year	Average annual exponential growth rate (%)
	Female	Male	Total
1	2	3	4
1901-11	0.53	0.61	0.56
1911-21	-0.08	0.01	-0.03
1921-31	1.01	1.06	1.04
1931-41	1.30	1.36	1.33
1941-51	1.27	1.25	1.25
1951-61	1.93	1.99	1.96
1961-71	2.15	2.27	2.20
1971-81	2.23	2.18	2.22
1981-91	2.10	2.17	2.16
1991-2001	1.99	1.92	1.97
2001-11			1.64
Source: Office of the Regisrar General, India.
Note: Average annual exponential growth rates as mentioned in columns 2, 3 and 4 include the interpolated data for Assam and Jammu & Kashmir for 1981 and 1991 Censuses respectively. While 2001 population does not include population of Paomata, Mao Maran and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur, 2011 population includes the estmated population for these three sub-divisions.

Female Population, its Share in Total Population and Sex Ratio for States/Union Territories - 2011

State/Union Territory	Total population (Number)	Female population (Number)	Share of female population (%)	Sex Ratio
1	2	3	4	5
Andaman & Nicobar Islands	379944	177614	46.7	878
Andhra Pradesh	84665533	42155652	49.8	992
Arunachal Pradesh	1382611	662379	47.9	920
Assam	31169272	15214345	48.8	954
Bihar	103804637	49619290	47.8	916
Chandigarh	1054686	474404	45.0	818
Chhattisgarh	25540196	12712281	49.8	991
Dadra & Nagar Haveli	342853	149675	43.7	775
Daman & Diu	242911	92811	38.2	618
Delhi	16753235	7776825	46.4	866
Goa	1457723	717012	49.2	968
Gujarat	60383628	28901346	47.9	918
Haryana	25353081	11847951	46.7	877
Himachal Pradesh	6856509	3382617	49.3	974
Jammu & Kashmir	12548926	5883365	46.9	883
Jharkhand	32966238	16034550	48.6	947
Karnataka	61130704	30072962	49.2	968
Kerala	33387677	17366387	52.0	1084
Lakshadweep	64429	31323	48.6	946
Madhya Pradesh	72597565	34984645	48.2	930
Maharashtra	112372972	54011575	48.1	925
Manipur	2721756	1351992	49.7	987
Meghalaya	2964007	1471339	49.6	986
Mizoram	1091014	538675	49.4	975
Nagaland	1980602	954895	48.2	931
Orissa	41947358	20745680	49.5	978
Pondicherry	1244464	633979	50.9	1038
Punjab	27704236	13069417	47.2	893
Rajasthan	68621012	33000926	48.1	926
Sikkim	607688	286027	47.1	889
Tamil Nadu	72138958	35980087	49.9	995
Tripura	3671032	1799165	49.0	961
Uttar Pradesh	199581477	94985062	47.6	908
Uttaranchal	10116752	4962574	49.1	963
West Bengal	91347736	44420347	48.6	947
India	1210193422	586469174	48.5	940
Source: Office of the Registrar General, India, Census 2011.
Notes:
1: India and Manipur figures include estimated population of Paomata, Mao Maran and Purul sub-divisions of Senapati district of Manipur.
2. The population figures are provisional.

Bangalore better than Delhi, Mumbai in quality of living: Survey

Bangalore ranks better than New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata amongst Indian cities in overall global quality of living index, according to a Mercer 2012 Quality of Living Survey.

Mercer conducts this survey annually to help multinational companies and other organisations compensate employees fairly when placing them on international assignments. According to the global consulting firm, its Quality of Living index list covers 221 cities, ranked against New York as the base city.

Global ranking by infrastructure

This year’s ranking separately identifies the cities with the best infrastructure based on electricity supply, water availability, telephone and mail services, public transportation, traffic congestion and the range of international flights from local airports, a statement said.

Singapore is at the top of this index, followed by Frankfurt and Munich. Copenhagen (4) and Dusseldorf (5) fill the next two slots, while Hong Kong and London share sixth place. Port-au-Prince (221) ranks at the bottom of the list.

Indian cities

Bangalore’s overall quality of living rank went up from 141 in 2011 to 139 in 2012 and is highest amongst other Indian cities. While New Delhi ranks (143), Mumbai (146), Chennai (150), and Kolkata (151) in overall Quality of living.

Bangalore’s rise in its quality of living ranking can be attributed to positive ratings for international schools which are suitable for expatriates, the survey says.

Mumbai ranks highest on city infrastructure category (134) amongst Indian cities followed by Kolkata (141), New Delhi (153), Chennai (168), and Bangalore (170).

Vienna retains top slot

In a statement issued here, Mercer said, Vienna retains the top spot as the city with the world’s best quality of living. Zurich and Auckland follow in the second and third place, respectively. Munich is in the fourth place, followed by Vancouver, which ranks fifth.

Düsseldorf dropped one spot to rank sixth followed by Frankfurt in seventh, Geneva in eighth, Copenhagen in ninth, and Bern and Sydney tied for the 10th place.

Asia-Pacific cities

Qualifying the Asia-Pacific cities, the survey says that Australian and New Zealand cities rank higher on the index with Sydney (11), Wellington (13), Melbourne (18) and Perth (21) following Auckland (3).

At the bottom

Globally, the cities with the lowest quality of living are Khartoum, Sudan (217); N’Djamena, Chad (218); Port-au-Prince, Haiti (219); and Bangui, Central African Republic (220). Baghdad, Iraq (221) ranks last.

Region-wise

Honolulu (28) is the city in the United States with the highest quality of living, followed by San Francisco (29) and Boston (35). Chicago is at 42 and Washington, DC ranks 43. New York, the base city, ranks 44.

In terms of city infrastructure, Vancouver (9) tops the ranking for the region with Atlanta and Montreal following at 13. In the United States, Dallas ranked 15, followed by Washington, DC (22), Chicago (28) and New York (30).

Europe has 15 cities among the world’s top 25 cities for quality of living. Vienna retains the highest-ranking for both the region and globally. With six cities in the top 10, European cities also fare well in the city infrastructure ranking.

RBI sets up supervisory bodies for SBI, ICICI Bank

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI)  set up two supervisory bodies for State Bank of India (SBI) and ICICI Bank to ensure compliance of global prudential norms and reduce supervisory overlap.

“The objective of establishing supervisory college is to deal with supervisory issues revolving around these banks and establish a cooperation mechanism for cross-border supervision,” RBI said in a statement.

Supervisory colleges have evolved the world over as an important component of effective supervisory oversight of an international banking group, it said.

This mechanism was developed with the aim of reducing supervisory overlap and filling in supervisory gaps for better supervisory co-operation enunciated in Basel II Framework.

The concept, it said, was enunciated in the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS) October 2010 Document, “Good Practice Principles on Supervisory Colleges“.

Though India does not have any Systemically Important Banks (SIBs), with a view to benchmarking India with the best practices across the globe and in its capacity as the home country supervisor, the RBI decided to establish a supervisory college each for SBI and ICICI Bank. This is because both banks have vast expanse of overseas operations spreading across many supervisory jurisdictions.

For SBI there are nine host country supervisors. These are, Bangladesh Bank, Central Bank of Bahrain, National Bank of Belgium, Dubai Financial Services Authority, Financial Services Authority (London), Federal Financial Services Authority (BaFin), Bank of Mauritius, Nepal Rastra Bank and Monetary Authority of Singapore.

At the same time, ICICI Bank has seven host country supervisors including Central Bank of Bahrain, National Bank of Belgium, Financial Services Authority (London), Bank of Russia and Monetary Authority of Singapore.

RBI Deputy Deputy Governor K C Chakrabarty hoped the college, being a process and not a one—time forum, will become a key tool of consolidated supervision particularly considering the ever expanding footprint of Indian banks abroad.

National Entrepreneurship Mission

The Committee has made extensive recommendations that are relevant to a number of takeholders both within the Governmental and Regulatory fold and those outside their immediate purview. The Committee believes however, that to build a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem leading to significant employment and wealth creation in the country, there has to be a sustained and continuous focus on the simultaneous and coordinated implementation of these measures.

Towards this objective, we recommend that the Central Government set up a National Entrepreneurship Mission (the “Mission”), whose sole focus will be to establish a vibrant entrepreneurial eco system in India. The Mission’s mandate, as one single entity within the Governments both at the National and State levels, will require it to pursue exclusively, the task of facilitating entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. The Mission’s key roles will be:

1. The Mission will collaborate and work with all other entities, within Government and outside it, with the following objectives:
A. Ensure that the promotion of entrepreneurship is continuously high on the agenda of all stakeholders
B. Educate & inform all best practices globally & put forward well researched recommendations and action plans that would facilitate entrepreneurship
C. Create appropriate measurements, methodologies and systems to track performance across various industries, in this area. A few of these for example, could be India’s global ranking in entrepreneurship, ease of doing business
2. The Mission would work closely with Government ministries/departments of Finance, MSME, HRD, Industry, IT, etc. at both National and State levels, many of whom have developed strategic plans of their own and seek to help them strengthen the element of entrepreneurship in those plans.
3. It would similarly work with Regulators, Banks, Financial Institutions, Angel investors, Venture Capitalists, industry bodies & Chambers of Commerce and educational institutions, both public and private, with the objective of regulatory outcomes which promote and facilitate entrepreneurship.
4. While the general approach would be to work in an enabling and coordinating capacity, it would have the lead role in the area of driving the financing part of the eco system which is the most critical component. In this area it would need to have appropriate empowerment whilst engaging with other stakeholders. In the area of financing, the Mission would be the sole recommending authority to the Government of India and counterpart bodies set up at the State levels.
5. This Mission would derive its unique strength and importance from the fact that it would be the most knowledgeable entity in India on the subject of creation and development of an entrepreneurial eco system that will foster levels of innovation, enterprise and employment that the country needs, on a sustainable basis. It would therefore, be able to achieve a vast majority of its objectives without having an overarching mandate over other entities of Governments.
6. It would also become the nodal point for an entrepreneurship movement and in that capacity, articulate and disseminate the view point of the entrepreneurs amongst all the stakeholders within Government and outside – a capacity that is lacking today.
7. The Mission will develop a clearly defined plan of action, ownership of initiatives, key dependencies, resource requirements for research as well as designing, devising, driving, tracking, and monitoring progress of the initiatives and plans.
8. The Mission should ideally be set up under the Prime Minister’s Office which will give it the ability to exercise adequate influence without necessarily, a statutory authority.
9. The Mission would set up appropriate mechanisms and metrics that will allow it to track its impact on the entrepreneurial eco system in the country.
10. It would similarly help all other stakeholders in drawing up mechanisms to measure their impact on increasing entrepreneurial activity.

National Stock Exchange

The National Stock Exchange of India is a stock Exchange that is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The National Stock Exchange basically function in three market sections, that is, (CM) the Capital Market Section); F&Q (The Future and Options Market Sections) and WDM (Wholesale Debt Market Segment).  It is important place where the trading of shares, debt etc takes place.
It was in year 1992 that the National stock Exchange was for the first time incorporated in India. It was not regarded as a stock exchange at once. Rather, the national Stock exchange was incorporated as a tax paying company and had got the recognition of a stock exchange only in year 1993 the recognition was given under the provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.
The National Stock exchange is highly active in the field of market capitalization and thus aiming it the ninth largest stock exchange in the said field. Similarly, the trading of the stock exchange in equities and derivatives is so high that it has resulted in high turnovers and thus making it the largest stock exchange in India.
It is the stock exchange wherein there is the facility of electronic exchange offering investors. This facility is available in almost types of equitable transactions such as equities, debentures, etc. it is also the largest stock exchange if calculated in the terms of traded values.

Origin and History of the National Stock Exchange

The National Stock exchange was incorporated for the first time in November, 1992. The national stock exchange was not incorporated as the national stock exchange; rather, it had got the recognition of the recognized stock exchange in April, 1993. The National stock Exchange has increased its trading facilities in June 1994 when the WDM (Wholesale Debt Market Segment) was gone live. It is basically one of the three market segments in which the national stock Exchange works. In the same year, 1994 November, the Capital Market (CM) segment of the stock exchange goes live through VSAT.
The National Stock Exchange has become the first Clearing Corporation in India by the introduction of NSCCL in April 1995. In the same year, 1995 July, it has introduced the Investor protection fund which is a very important function introduced by the national Stock Exchange.
The National stock Exchange had grown with leaps and bounds and had shown tremendous growth mainly in all the fields and thus making it the largest stock exchange of India by October, 1995.
The concept of NSCCL was extended by the introduction of clearing and settlement with the help of NSCCL in year 1996. The National stock Exchange has introduced its Index for the first time in year April 1996. The index was known as the S&P CNX Nifty Index. In year June 1996, it has introduced the Settlement Guarantee Fund. The National Securities Depositor Fund was launched by the National Stock exchange in year 1996, November, and thus making it the first stock exchange who becomes the first depository in India.
Because of the efforts and introduction of new concept in the field of trading, the National stock Exchange has received the BEST IT USAGE award by the computer Society of India in the year November, 1996. It has also received an award for the TOP IT USER in the name of “Dataquest award” in year December, 1996.
The National stock exchange has also introduced another index in year December 1996 in the name of CNX Nifty Junior in year 1996.  It had again received an award for the BEST IT USAGE award by the computer Society of India in the year December, 1996. In May, 1998 it had launched its first website. Further in October 1999, it had launched the NSE.IT LTD. Further in year October, 2002, it had launched the Government securities index.
The growth of the National Stock Exchange has been tremendous in every field. It had introduced several programmes and has achieved various achievements and awards while working best in the field in which it is working. The efforts and hard work that is contributed by the National Stock exchange has been tremendous and thus making an important and unique stock exchange in India.

NSE & BSE:
The economic and capital market in a country cannot exist without a stock exchange. The Indian capital market is guided by the two pillars viz. Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange. All the major transactions take place here though there are about 20 other stock exchanges in different cities of India. Both these stock exchanges are situated in Bombay [presently Mumbai]. The Bombay stock exchange [BSE] is located at the Dalal Street and was established in the year 1875. The national stock exchange [NSE] is located at Bandra (east) and was founded in the year 1992.
The indices NIFTY for NSE and SENSEX for BSE are displayed in all major portals, newspapers and financial magazines.
BSE has BSE small cap, BSE Mid cap and BSE500 as indices to take care of the medium and small companies while India index services & Products Limited [IISL] was launched to have indices like S&P CNX Nifty, CNX Nifty Junior, CNX 100, S&P CNX 500 and CNX Mid cap.
BSE and NSE have changed the meaning of trading in the share market in India giving the investors the confidence and endeavour to invest and make big money. BSE replaced the open cry system with automated trading  BSE online trading [BOLT] system was established in the year 1995 and expanded to the other exchanges in 1997 by NSE there by giving the investors wider and easier trading options. Both the BSE and NSE have embraced the latest and sophisticated technology for smoother and better trading operations which has re affirmed the investor’s faith in the Indian stock market. There came a period when people were losing faith in the stock market because of the heavy rush, physical presence requirement, filling forms and the other paper work, lack of proper and timely news. But the computerisation and online trading has again changed the views of the people as trading became easier, simpler and faster.
Many time-consuming tasks have become simplified. The technological revolution that has been taking place has not only made trading easy in India but has changed the world markets too. One just requires an online trading account to operate in BSE or NSE and then they can do their trading business within the trading hours from anywhere in the world. All they would need is a computer with a broadband connection.  Earlier transactions used to take a long time but now everything is done in a few minutes. There are no forms to be filled, registers to be maintained as they are all done electronically. One can view the stock market live once they are online.
The national stock exchange has been in the forefront of online stock trading in the country. Soon the online trading spread to the other exchanges in the country. The development in information technology has attracted the investors to trade in any of the BSE and NSE stock. This development in technology has seen the NSE facilitate easy and convenient trading among the investors. Satellite communication technology has been used to connect with the major cities and towns all over India. The necessary software and hardware is being upgraded regularly to keep up with the trends and development. As of this day the NSE can handle more than 15 million trades every day in the stock market.
The NSE has made a name for itself in the global market too. This included signing of a memorandum of understanding with the Singapore stock exchange for development of a market for Indian products to be listed in the Singapore exchange. Many license agreements have been made between Indian companies and benchmark indexes of US.  Many foreign investors have been attracted by both BSE and NSE. There are many firsts to its credit by the Bombay stock exchange. It introduced free floating index, equity derivatives, launched its website Hindi and Gujarat. It obtained the 1st iso certification for having an exchange and starting exchange enabled internet trading platform The NSE too not to be left behind, has strongly made its name in the world market.

BSE launches carbon-based index CARBONEX

The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) has launched BSE Carbonex, the first carbon-based thematic index in the country, which takes a strategic view of organizational commitment to climate change mitigation. This index has been launched with the aim of creating a benchmark, and increasing awareness about the risks posed by climate change. It will enable investors to track performance of the constituent companies of BSE-100 index regarding their commitment to greenhouse gases emission reduction. Constituents of BSE Carbonex are over or underweighted compared to the benchmark based on their performance in the assessment process. In every industry, companies that achieve the strongest assessment scores are favoured at the expense of those achieving poor results. The British High Commission in India through the British Foreign & Commonwealth Office’s Prosperity Fund supported the development phase of the index. ENDS Carbon, a specialist in environment, social and governance (ESG) ratings and benchmark services provider, has provided its expertise in assessing the companies with data sourced from the carbon disclosure project (CDP), a not-for-profit organisation which holds the largest and most continuous set of climate change data in the world. The top 10 constituents in BSE Carbonex are ITC Ltd having 7.11 per cent market capitalisation followed by Reliance Industries (6.48 per cent market capitalisation), ICICI Bank (5.54 per cent), HDFC Bank (5.48 per cent), HDFC Ltd (5.30 per cent), Infosys (5.27 per cent), L&T (4.21 per cent), TCS (3.49 per cent), Hindustan Unilever (2.73 per cent) and ONGC (2.68 per cent). Meanwhile, the carbon credit market worldwide is now reported to be worth about USD 188 billion, one of the only markets that continued to increase during the recent years of worldwide recession. About BSE Established in 1875, BSE Ltd. (formerly known as Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd.), is Asia’s first Stock Exchange and one of India's leading exchange groups and has played a prominent role in developing the Indian capital market. BSE is a corporatized and demutualised entity, with a broad shareholder-base which includes two leading global exchanges, Deutsche Bourse and Singapore Exchange as strategic partners. BSE provides an efficient and transparent market for trading in equity, debt instruments, derivatives, mutual funds. It also has a platform for trading in equities of small-and-medium enterprises (SME). BSE also provides a host of other services to capital market participants including risk management, clearing, settlement, market data services and education. It has a global reach with customers around the world and a nation-wide presence. BSE systems and processes are designed to safeguard market integrity, drive the growth of the Indian capital market and stimulate innovation and competition across all market segments. It operates one of the most respected capital market educational institutes in the country (the BSE Institute Ltd.). BSE also provides depository services through its Central Depository Services Ltd. (CDSL) arm.