The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the key indicators of Employment and Unemployment in India, generated from the data collected in its 66th round survey during July 2009 - June 2010. NSS surveys on employment and unemployment are conducted quinquennially starting from 27th round (October 1972 – September 1973) and the last quinquennial survey was conducted in NSS 61st round (July 2004- June 2005) for which, the results have already been released. The NSS 66th round was the eighth quinquennial round on the subject. The detailed results of quinquennial survey on employment and unemployment are usually brought out by the NSSO through a number of reports. In order to make available the salient results of the survey, well in advance of the release of its reports, for use in planning, policy formulation, decision support and as input for further statistical exercises, the NSSO has released the key indicators. With this maiden effort, NSSO is meeting an important aspiration and demand of its data users to have the key results within one year of the completion of its field work.
The indicators are based on the Central Sample of 1,00,957 households (59,129 in rural areas and 41,828 in urban areas) surveyed from 7,402 sample villages in rural areas and 5,252 urban blocks spread over all States and Union Territories except in (i) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of a bus route (ii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year and (iii) Leh, Kargil and Poonch districts of Jammu and Kashmir.
In defining the lead indicators of Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR i.e. ratio of labor force to population), Workers Population Ratio (WPR), Proportion Unemployed (PU i.e. percentage of unemployed in population) and Unemployment Rate (UR i.e. the ratio of unemployed to labour force) in NSS surveys, persons are classified into various activity categories on the basis of activities pursued by them during certain specified reference periods. Three reference periods used in NSS surveys are (i) one year, (ii) one week and (iii) each day of the reference week. Based on these three periods, three different measures of activity status are arrived at. The activity status determined on the basis of the reference period of one year is known as the Usual Status (US) of a person, that determined on the basis of a reference period of one week is known as the Current Weekly Status (CWS) of the person and the activity status determined on the basis of the engagement on each day during the reference week is known as the Current Daily Status (CDS) of the person. In US approach, there are two indicators viz. one based on principal activity called Usual Principal Status (ps) and other based on both principal and subsidiary activities taken together called US (ps+ss). The unit of measurements in case of US and CWS is persons and in case on CDS, it is person days. The key indicators based on NSS 66th round along with the comparable indicators of previous quinquennial survey i.e. NSS 61st round on employment and unemployment conducted during July 2004 – June 2005 are summarized in the table given at Annexure. The indicators are available for all the States/UTs with rural - urban and male – female breakup.
Besides these indicators, the other important statistics relating to distribution of workers according to employment status and industry and also on wage rates of regular wage/salaried employees and casual labourers as emanating from the survey are summarized as below:
1. Distribution of Usual Status (ps+ss) workers according to employment status
· At the national level, among all the workers, about 51.0 per cent were ‘self-employed’, about 33.5 per cent were ‘casual labour’ and 15.6 percent were ‘regular wage/salaried’ employee.
· Among the workers in the rural areas, about 54.2 per cent were ‘self-employed’, about 38.6 per cent were ‘casual labour’ and 7.3 percent were ‘regular wage/salaried’ employee.
· Among the workers in the urban areas, about 41.1 per cent were ‘self-employed’, about 17.5 per cent were ‘casual labour’ and 41.4 percent were ‘regular wage/salaried’ employee.
2. Industry-wise distribution of workers according to usual status (ps+ss)
· In rural areas, nearly 63 per cent of the male workers were engaged in the agricultural sector while in the secondary and tertiary sectors nearly 19 per cent and 18 per cent of the male workers were engaged. There was a higher dependence of female workers on agricultural sector: nearly 79 per cent of them were engaged in agricultural sector while secondary and tertiary sectors shared 13 per cent and 8 per cent of the female workers, respectively.
· The industry-wise distribution of workers in the urban areas was distinctly different from that of rural areas. In urban areas the share of the tertiary sector was dominant followed by that of secondary sector while agricultural sector engaged only a small proportion of total workers for both male and females. In urban areas, nearly 59 per cent of male workers and 53 per cent of the female workers were engaged in the tertiary sector. The secondary sector employed nearly 35 per cent of the male and 33 per cent of the female workers. The share of urban workforce in agriculture was nearly 6 per cent of male and 14 per cent for female workers.
3. Wage Rates of Regular Wage/Salaried Employees and Casual Labourers
· In urban areas, the average wage/salary was Rs. 365 per day and for the rural areas it was Rs. 232. In the rural areas, average wage/salary earnings per day received by male regular wage/salaried employees was Rs. 249 and for females it was Rs. 156, indicating the female-male wage ratio as 0.63. In urban areas, male wage rate was Rs. 377 against the female wage rate of Rs. 309, indicating female-male wage ratio as 0.82.
· Wage rates (per day) for casual labour in works other than public works in rural areas was Rs. 93 and in urban areas it was Rs. 122. In the rural areas, average wage/salary earnings per day received by male casual labours engaged in works other than public works was Rs. 102 and for females it was Rs. 69 while in urban areas, the wage rates for casual labours in work other than public works was Rs. 132 for males and Rs. 77 for females.
· In rural areas, wage rates (per day) for casual labour in public works other than MGNREG public works was Rs. 98 for males and Rs. 86 for females. For casual labour in MGNREG public works, wage rate (per day) in rural areas was Rs. 91 for males and Rs. 87 for females.
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